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Giant cell arteritis, long known by its more familiar name, temporal arteritis, is the most common vasculitis in adults over 50 and a true ophthalmic emergency. If untreated, it can result in permanent bilateral vision loss within days. Women are more often afffected than men, the the disease manifests differently between the sexes.

Two optical treatment modalities can slow pediatric myopia progression without the need for pharmacologic intervention, ie, spectacle lenses incorporating highly aspherical lenslets (HAL) and orthokeratology (ortho-k) contact lenses. Both treatments are based on the same underlying theory that peripheral retinal defocus is a growth signal for axial elongation‚ but the treatments focus on different structures of the visual system, one through a manufactured spectacle lens surface (HAL) and the other through temporary corneal reshaping (ortho-k).