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Two optical treatment modalities can slow pediatric myopia progression without the need for pharmacologic intervention, ie, spectacle lenses incorporating highly aspherical lenslets (HAL) and orthokeratology (ortho-k) contact lenses. Both treatments are based on the same underlying theory that peripheral retinal defocus is a growth signal for axial elongation‚ but the treatments focus on different structures of the visual system, one through a manufactured spectacle lens surface (HAL) and the other through temporary corneal reshaping (ortho-k).

Rare retinal diseases initially were the primary targets of gene therapy, but that is no longer the case. The focus has expanded beyond those to also include more common, chronic diseases such as diabetic macular edema and wet age-related macular degeneration. During the first half of 2026, that trend was evident.