
Segal is in private practice with Georgia Eye Physicians and Surgeons in Duluth.

William Segal, MD

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 is present in the majority of my cataract patients; sometimes the signs are distinguishable prior to surgery and sometimes the symptoms appear following surgery. 

Undetected and untreated, signs and symptoms can cause significant variability in preoperative measurements as well as inhibit rapid healing following surgery.

Thoroughly screening and potentially treating patients for 

 can mean the difference between a happy or unhappy patient. Untreated OSD will result in suboptimal outcomes and decreased patient satisfaction.



Where to start with treating OSD patients


Every patient undergoes a comprehensive evaluation as part of the cataract consultation. I use a variety of subjective and objective diagnostic tests to identify 

 or other structural deformities. 

All patients receive corneal fluorescein and lissamine green staining, and they also are tested for inflammation levels.

Where the tear film is unstable, I watch for conjunctivochalasis or entropion and ectropion. Dropout areas, irregular topography, measurement inconsistencies, and abnormalities in tear film tests all can signal 

, and, in my opinion, are reason to pause and treat the patient before proceeding with surgery.

Typically, I will see a patient back in 3 weeks and repeat testing. Using comparative topographies, I confirm corneal stabilization so that the patient and I are comfortable with the measurements. 

I also look at the surface asymmetry index, which tells me how asymmetric the corneal astigmatism is, and at the surface regularity index. These provide me the topographic standpoint of the cornea and guide me if I should move forward.



ASCRS 2020: OSD improvement in eyes implanted with trabecular meshwork bypass stents

I also look at how the numbers change in response to treatment. For example, I will look at the change in Ks. Once we see 0.25 D or less between measurements, I am satisfied that the ocular surface is stable and we can proceed to surgery.



As part of my approach to optimizing the ocular surface before cataract surgery and to improve comfort postop, I require all premium lens patients to start taking a nutritional supplement containing the anti-inflammatory omega fatty acid GLA and other nutrients after their first measurement. 

I also recommend HydroEye (ScienceBased Health) because it demonstrated in a clinical trial increased corneal smoothness, decreased inflammation, and improvement in the symptoms of 

All of these options are important for cataract patients.

For patients requiring treatment beyond nutritional supplementation, topical immunomodulators, such as lifitegrast or cyclosporine, are usually well tolerated and produce long-term improvements in the ocular surface.



Ocular surface inflammation: Vicious cycle of ocular surface disruption

In eyes with significant levels of inflammation, patients may benefit from a brief treatment with a corticosteroid. In addition, punctal occlusion may be utilized to address aqueous tear deficiency. 

Patients with crusting blepharitis undergo mechanical debridement, short-term antibiotics, hypochlorous acid treatments, or a combination of these to remove inflammation-causing bacteria on the eyelid.

Once patients have been taking nutritional supplementation for 2 weeks and any other necessary 

 treatment has been performed, they return for a second set of keratometry readings and to proceed with 

. I have my patients continue nutritional supplementation and an immunomodulator, if they were using one, until cataract surgery has been completed in both eyes.

Two weeks following the second surgery, I give patients the option to taper down the supplement and see if their eyes continue to be without symptoms.



Changing patient conversations around cataract surgery

 notice a negative change if they discontinue the supplement and choose to continue because of the benefits they see, including better visual quality and an improved level of comfort.


When patients understand that we need a healthy ocular surface in its natural shape to get the best surgical outcome, they rarely push back. Symptomatic patients are especially understanding. They are experiencing irritation and visual fluctuations and recognize that this is a consequence of degradation, not cataract. Overall, patients want the best results.


Patients with premium lenses have high expectations, and failure to deliver can stir up frustration. Managing the ocular surface on the front end is key to producing a “wow” factor postoperatively.



Minimize inflammation after cataract surgery

First, eliminating residual refractive error is essential when using any multifocal IOL. I always measure the cornea 4 ways, and, ideally, the numbers will coincide.

, this will not be the case. I frequently get different measurements on the same eye. Moreover, this is an objective test, and it is a red flag to me that I need to improve the cornea surface to obtain the most precise measurements. If not, I am probably increasing the likelihood that the patient will come out of surgery with residual refractive error.

Even without residual refractive error, ocular surface discomfort and visual fluctuations can create general health anxiety that may shape the patient’s perceptions about the procedure. 

By taking precautions to ensure the cornea is in optimal condition prior to surgery, we can create a more resilient ocular surface and reduce postoperative keratopathy and negative visual fluctuations.



Small-aperture single-piece IOL could fill unmet need in patients

A proactive approach delivers the best outcomes


Proactively optimizing the ocular surface through a combination of nutraceutical supplementation and topical drop therapies such as lifitegrast or cyclosporine gives me more confidence in the preoperative measurements, leading to better results and patient satisfaction with their premium procedures.

In conclusion, it is a very dramatic effect when a patient experiences quality vision on day 1, and by day 5 they are able to read off their phone in low light.



Read more ocular surface disease content here 


1. Sheppard JD, Singh R, McClellan AJ, et al. Long-term supplementation with n-6 and n-3 PUFAs improves moderate-to-severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. 

. 2013;32(10):1297-1304. doi:10.1097/ICO.0b013e318299549c

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Improvements gained prior to surgery can result in positive outcomes. 


William Segal, MD

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Good nutrition optimizes ocular surface in premium cataract patients