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Research has shown that dry eye syndrome is largely due to inflammation. Therefore, "soft" corticosteroids such as loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic suspension 0.5% (Lotemax, Bausch & Lomb) or fluorometholone ophthalmic suspension 0.1% (FML, Allergan), or cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% (Restasis, Allergan), may be effective.

The tissue-on-tissue model, rather than tests using plastic or metal surfaces, is the best way to test the lubricity of ophthalmologic formulations, according to a new study. Using this model, a particular dry eye drop was found to be statistically significantly superior to saline.

A study examining the effect of artificial tear instillation on contrast sensitivity found that, in patients with dry eye a temporary loss with initial use disappears as the treatment is continued. Further investigations are evaluating if the finding reflects a benefit on the tear layer.

Research into the etiology of dry eye syndrome has painted a picture of a highly complex disease that has evolved over the decades. Exhaustive efforts have been expended on shedding light on the mechanisms of dry eye disease. Nevertheless, as more is learned, more questions arise.

Olopatadine HCl 0.2% ophthalmic solution (Pataday, Alcon Laboratories) is safe, effective, and well-tolerated when applied once daily to treat the ocular signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis or rhinoconjunctivitis. In addition, the activity of olopatadine 0.2% was found to be superior to that of epinastine HCl 0.05% (Elestat, Inspire Pharmaceuticals and Allergan) in alleviating ocular itching and redness induced by conjunctival allergen challenge.

Adult patients with a history of allergic conjunctivitis gave epinastine (Elestat, Inspire Pharmaceuticals and Allergan) high marks for tolerability and comfort in a recent single-center, double-masked, four-visit crossover study.

By understanding the inflammatory cascade that occurs during an allergic response, clinicians will be better equipped to choose effective medication for allergic conjunctivitis.

Ocular symptoms of allergies for many are as severe as rhinitis symptoms said Stephen C. Pflugfelder, MD. Ocular manifestations of seasonal allergies include seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC), vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), said Dr. Pflugfelder. The ideal therapy should include multiple steps in the allergy cascade, perhaps by neutralizing both the H1 and H2 receptors, stabilizing the mast cells, and having anti-inflammatory properties.

A proprietary formulation of ketotifen fumarate ophthalmic solution 0.025% (Alaway, Bausch &Lomb) offers a highly safe and effective treatment for allergic conjunctivitis with the convenience benefits of an OTC medication.

Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 0.25% lubricating eye drops (TheraTears, Advanced Vision Research) mimic the composition of the human tear film and promotes healing of irritation of the ocular surface caused by dry eye, according to the recently released final report of the Dry Eye Workshop.

An ophthalmologist can give a great eye exam, but to be successful in a family practice the eye-care professional (ECP) must make sure the child-patient feels cheerful, healthy, and participative. The environment should welcome young patients. Their positive attitudes will reflect on a staff.

Children need to wear vision correction for many aspects of their life such as school and recreational activities. Even though most eye care professionals don't believe young children are responsible enough for contacts studies show they had results just as positive as older children. There are many ways to introduce children to contact lenses.

Embryonic stem cell transplantation represents an attractive method for restoring vision to patients with degenerative retinal diseases. Researchers in this field face many challenges in obtaining perfect stem cells and inducing the transplanted cells to differentiate into synaptically connected photoreceptors. Lessons from the embryo may yield answers to some of those issues.

The phenotypic analysis of patients with age-related macular degeneration indicates that peripheral reticular pigmentary change is the only phenotypic feature that correlates significantly with the CFH Y402H variant.

Intravitreal triamcinolone does not benefit patients with presumed macular edema resulting from parafoveal telangiectasia type 2A. This treatment has been associated with a high incidence of ocular complications.

Pharmacologic testing can help target subsequent imaging for Horner's syndrome, but can it delay a full evaluation? Two ophthalmologists engage in a friendly debate.

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are extremely important imaging modalities with different capabilities that the ophthalmic surgeon should understand to use to the best advantage, according to Neil R. Miller, MD.

Managing patients with diabetic macular edema means focusing on a number of details to obtain a good clinical picture of each patient's status. These details include the location of the edema in the fovea, the nature of the evolution (acute, chronic, or progressive), status of the blood retinal barrier, signs of retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction, presence of retinal tissue damage, ischemia, vitreoretinal traction, status of metabolic control, and blood pressure.

The instillation of bromfenac 0.09% (Xibrom, ISTA Pharmaceuticals) results in less severe and less frequent patient discomfort compared with ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% (Acular LS, Allergan). However, the anesthetic effect of either commercially available nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug was statistically equivalent.

Treatment with topical azithromycin 1% ophthalmic solution (AzaSite, InSite Vision) using a frequent dosing regimen was effective in reducing colony counts of azithromycin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an animal model of keratitis.

In a double-masked, randomized comparison of three leading ocular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, nepafenac 0.1% (Nevanac, Alcon Laboratories) had significantly greater ocular bioavailability than either ketorolac 0.4% (Acular LS, Allergan) or bromfenac 0.09% (Xibrom, ISTA Pharmaceuticals).

The efficacy of gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin for preventing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) keratitis was investigated in a rabbit model. Animals were pretreated with one of the two fourth-generation fluoroquinolones or BSS, received a midstromal injection with an inoculum of MRSA, and then study treatment continued for up to 96 hours postinjection. Gatifloxacin-treated eyes demonstrated less inflammation and infection, and lower numbers of recovered MRSA than moxifloxacin-and BSS-treated animals.

A retrospective review suggests that administration of intracameral moxifloxacin 0.5% (Vigamox, Alcon Laboratories) is safe for endophthalmitis prophylaxis during cataract surgery.

In vitro susceptibility patterns do not differentiate among the newer fluoroquinolones, (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin). All have equal effectiveness against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA). With the exception of trimethoprim, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, MRSA was highly resistant to all antibiotics tested by the TRUST (Tracking Resistance in the U.S. Today) Study. MSSA was highly susceptible to all antibiotics except polymyxin B, a polypeptide; penicillin, a ,b-lactam; and azithromycin, a macrolide. When treating patients with MRSA infections, the potential for failure of the antibiotics must be considered.

Analysis of the time course of visual acuity outcomes during the first year of the ANCHOR study indicates that the mean visual acuity benefit of ranibizumab (Lucentis, Genentech) compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin (Visudyne, Novartis) for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was observed after the first month of treatment, and this benefit continued with increased vision that was maintained over the 2 years of the study.

The European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons' annual meeting will be Sept 8 to 12 in Stockholm, Sweden. Among the events will be symposia, exhibits, live surgery demonstrations, a didactic course on refractive surgery, a workshop on visual optics, courses, and free papers.

Outcomes after implantation of an accommodating IOL (crystalens, eyeonics) were probed with a simple questionnaire designed to characterize spectacle wear and patient satisfaction. The results based on these critical metrics were favorable.

Sutureless vitrectomy using 25-gauge instrumentation reduces surgical time and results in faster visual recovery relative to 20-gauge vitrectomy. The risk of wound leak, however, is increased after the sutureless procedure, and that may lead to other complications. James T. Handa, MD, discusses these and other issues relating to the technique.